Heuristic evaluation.

Heuristic evaluation is a usability inspection method where experts evaluate a user interface (UI) based on a set of predefined usability principles or heuristics. The goal is to identify usability problems in the design and suggest improvements. It is commonly used in the early stages of development to ensure the system is intuitive, efficient, and user-friendly.

Key Components of Heuristic Evaluation

1. Heuristics
   Jakob Nielsen’s 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design are widely used:
   • Visibility of system status
   • Match between system and the real world
   • User control and freedom
   • Consistency and standards
   • Error prevention
   • Recognition rather than recall
   • Flexibility and efficiency of use
   • Aesthetic and minimalist design
   • Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
   • Help and documentation
2. Evaluators
   Typically, 3–5 usability experts are involved to ensure diverse perspectives while keeping the process manageable.
3. Process
   • Preparation: Define the scope and goals, select heuristics, and prepare the interface.
   • Evaluation: Evaluators individually go through the UI and document usability issues.
   • Debriefing: After individual evaluations, evaluators meet to discuss findings, prioritize issues, and propose solutions.
4. Reporting
   A report is generated summarizing:
   • Identified usability problems
   • The heuristic(s) violated
   • Severity ratings (e.g., cosmetic, minor, major, catastrophic)
   • Recommended changes

Advantages of Heuristic Evaluation

• Cost-Effective: Requires fewer resources than full user testing.
• Quick: Can be performed early in the design process.
• Flexible: Adaptable to various applications and platforms.

Limitations

• Subjectivity: Depends on the expertise of the evaluators.
• No User Input: May miss insights that real users would provide.
• Scope: Focused on usability; other issues (e.g., accessibility or performance) might be overlooked.

When to Use

• During the design phase to refine concepts.
• Before user testing to identify and fix basic usability issues.
• For ongoing improvements in an established system.

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Here’s an elaboration of heuristics:

1. Visibility of System Status
   The system should always keep users informed about what is happening through appropriate feedback within a reasonable time. For example, progress bars or notifications show the user that an action is being processed.
2. Match Between System and the Real World
   The design should use concepts and language familiar to users, aligning with real-world conventions to make the system intuitive. For instance, icons like a trash can for “delete” resonate with real-life objects.
3. User Control and Freedom
   Users often perform actions by mistake; they should be offered a way to undo or redo actions, such as a “back” button or “undo” command.
4. Consistency and Standards
   The system should follow platform conventions to ensure users do not have to guess what words, situations, or actions mean. For example, using standard symbols (e.g., a magnifying glass for “search”) creates familiarity.
5. Error Prevention
   Where possible, the design should eliminate error-prone conditions or present users with a confirmation option before committing to an action. For example, warnings before deleting files help users avoid accidental mistakes.
6. Recognition Rather than Recall
   The interface should minimize the user’s memory load by making options, actions, and information visible. Instead of remembering commands, users can rely on visual cues like dropdown menus or icons.
7. Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
   Interfaces should cater to both novice and experienced users, allowing for shortcuts or advanced features for experts while keeping things simple for beginners.
8. Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
   The design should avoid clutter. Information that isn’t relevant should not be displayed, ensuring that every element serves a purpose and enhances usability.
9. Help Users Recognize, Diagnose, and Recover from Errors
   Error messages should be clear, indicate the problem, and suggest a constructive solution. For example, “Invalid email address” with guidance like “Please include ‘@’ in the email address.”
10. Help and Documentation
    Even though the system should ideally be usable without documentation, there should be accessible help options if needed, such as searchable FAQs or guided tutorials.

These principles are widely used to evaluate and improve the usability of systems, ensuring an intuitive and seamless user experience.